jueves, 14 de junio de 2007

La memòria dels europeus

La memòria dels europeus

  1. Les turbulentes aigües del passat d'Europa són agitades pels historiadors i pels estats
 MARTÍN TOGNOLA
MARTÍN TOGNOLA
GLÒRIA Soler*
La celebració del 50è aniversari de la firma del Tractat de Roma, que va suposar l'inici de la construcció europea, ha coincidit amb un revifament del debat sobre la responsabilitat històrica dels seus ciutadans. Aquest ressorgiment del debat històric és objecte de la constant i necessària reflexió dels historiadors sobre els límits de la seva disciplina que, tal com ha denunciat Enzo Traverso, s'enfronta avui en dia als obstacles derivats de la confusió entre memòria i història. Efectivament, mentre l'estudi de la història aspira a la màxima objectivitat, cosa que el porta a distanciar-se dels sentiments subjectius, el concepte de memòria històrica, sorgit als anys 60, es troba sotmès a les contínues reinterpretacions del present, on es barregen l'àmbit polític i el privat.
Si volen conservar la seva autonomia, els historiadors s'han de mantenir aliens al culte religiós de la memòria i rebutjar el paper de summes sacerdots que els volen assignar aquells col.lectius interessats a salvaguardar un determinat passat. Igualment, la seva funció no s'hauria de barrejar amb el turisme de la memòria, interessat a obtenir benefici d'aquesta demanda. A més, el treball historiogràfic exigeix dels governs europeus la correcta disposició i el lliure accés als documents. En aquest sentit, s'ha de saludar dues bones iniciatives: la restitució dels documents incautats a la Generalitat de Catalunya per les tropes franquistes i l'obertura sense restriccions dels arxius secrets del Servei de Seguretat de l'Estat de l'extinta República Democràtica Alemanya.
Però les turbulentes aigües del passat europeu no solament són agitades pels historiadors, sinó també pels estats. En el seu primer dia al capdavant de la República Francesa, Nicolas Sarkozy va anticipar una mesura legislativa dedicada a la memòria de la resistència francesa a l'ocupació nazi, i va anunciar que, en tots els instituts de França, al començament del pròxim curs, serà llegida una carta de comiat escrita per un jove comunista de 17 anys que va ser executat pels nazis el 1941, i en la postdata del qual es llegeix: "Sigueu dignes de nosaltres, dels 27 que morirem".
A la Polònia dels bessons ultraconservadors Kaczynski, l'Institut de la Memò- ria Nacional investiga el passat dels ciutadans que, entre els anys 1945 i 1989, van suportar com van poder el règim comunista que dirigia el país, especialment d'aquells que considera "falses figures de prestigi".

A ESPANYA, el Govern de Rodríguez Zapatero va aprovar, al Consell de Ministres del 22 de juny del 2006, el projecte de llei de la memòria, que es troba pendent de la seva remissió a les Corts, i, el mes de gener passat, el Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya va acordar la creació del Memorial Democràtic per fomentar el coneixement de la repressió, els valors i les accions de l'antifranquisme. També el president de la República Italiana, Giorgio Napolitano, ha impulsat una revisió del passat, que ha conduït a l'aprovació per unanimitat al Parlament d'un Dia de la Memòria i el Perdó pels crims i els excessos del feixisme, del comunisme i contra les minories lingüístiques de Trieste i els Balcans.
Al marge d'aquestes i altres mesures polítiques, que per respondre a una demanda col.lectiva de memòria alguns consideraran de conveniència o hipòcrites, i altres, febles, tardanes, mediàtiques, exagerades o de plena justícia, la responsabilitat històrica dels europeus és un element que es mou al ritme de la nostra civilització, que ens concerneix a tots i gràcies al qual accedim a ser ciutadans. Per aquest motiu, en determinats moments i malgrat que això pugui resultar contrari als nostres interessos, a tots se'ns convoca a exercir-la.

AIXÍ HO VAN fer, públicament i assumint totes les seves conseqüències, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) i Günter Grass (1927), dos intel.lectuals alemanys de trajectòries diametralment oposades. La primera, d'origen jueu i exiliada als Estats Units, es va atrevir a contradir el relat consensuat de l'Holocaust jueu i va criticar alguns aspectes de l'actuació dels seus, i a escriure que no tenia sentit parlar de culpa o d'innocència col.lectiva, perquè la culpa només concerneix a l'individu com a tal, "algú disposat a renunciar a les conviccions, a l'honor i a la dignitat humana a canvi d'una pensió i una existència segura". El segon, al final de la seva carrera literària i després de rebre el premi Príncep d'Astúries de les lletres i el Nobel de literatura, va confessar la seva pertinença a les SS durant la seva joventut, cosa que li va reportar els retrets de la crítica. A aquestes figures s'hi ha de sumar la del Nobel de literatura Orhan Pamuk, que per denunciar el genocidi armeni, l'altre gran Holocaust europeu, mai reconegut per Turquia, es va haver dexiliar als Estats Units.
La història europea s'ha de llegir com un paisatge col.lectiu heretat i canviant, on als ciutadans ens és possible retrobar-nos una vegada i una altra amb el nostre passat de guerres colonials, de violències totalitàries i de guerres civils, com l'espanyola. La nostra responsabilitat consisteix a aconseguir que aquest territori memorístic comú segueixi sent un dels nostres principals actius, allò a través del qual ens podem explicar el món.

Historiadora

L'ofensiva neofranquista del PP

L'ofensiva neofranquista del PP

  1. Els populars han recuperat l'esperit de croada cristiana per la salvació d'una pàtria en perill
 TOÑO VEGA
TOÑO VEGA
JOSÉ MANUEL Fajardo*
Se sol dir que, davant de les eleccions, els discursos polítics es radicalitzen i que després tornen a una "normalitat de la discrepància" i que no convé prendre's seriosament els excessos retò- rics dels períodes electorals. Aquest punt de vista, que significaria acceptar que la impostura és consubstancial a les eleccions, ni tan sols pot servir de cínic consol en l'actual situació política espanyola. Perquè el problema és que el Partit Popular s'ha declarat en període electoral permanent des de l'endemà de les eleccions del 14 de març de 2004, i els seus excessos verbals, constants des de fa tres anys, mostren una actitud que té greus conseqüències.
La primera és que revela la seva no acceptació de la derrota electoral del 2004: per més que de tant en tant algun líder conservador digui que sí que la van acceptar, l'acusació que el Govern s'ha servit del terrorisme d'ETA, o fins i tot hi ha col.laborat, per contribuir a la destrucció del país, i l'obstinació per relacionar ETA amb l'11-M, suggerint una conspiració per portar el PSOE al poder, han suposat de fet la negació de qualsevol legitimitat al Govern. Una estratègia que continua malgrat l'anunci del final de la treva d'ETA, ja que la lleu rebaixa del to de les crítiques es condiciona al seguidisme per part del Govern de les tesis populars.

LA
SEGONAconseqüència és que la radicalitat del discurs del PP ha passat de retòrica preelectoral a eix de la seva acció política. Les exageracions i mentides catastrofistes dels conservadors espanyols no són "tics franquistes" destinats a recollir el vot de l'extrema dreta, sinó la columna vertebral d'una mobilització política constant, d'un clar contingut neofranquista, que pretén fer impossible el normal exercici del govern a qui legítimament té l'en- càrrec de fer-ho: el PSOE, vencedor de les últimes eleccions generals. És en aquest sentit en què s'han d'interpretar les constants crides dels líders populars a una "rebel.lió cívica".
I és important aturar-se en l'anà- lisi del caràcter neofranquista de la política de l'actual direcció del PP, no perquè serveixi per desqualificar una acció política sinó perquè és aquest caràcter el que permet explicar la inexplicable, en aparença, deriva fanàtica de la dreta espanyola.
¿Quins són els trets que caracteritzen com a neofranquista la polí- tica actual del PP? Bàsicament, la recuperació de l'esperit de croada cristiana per la salvació d'una pàtria en perill i contra l'anti-Espanya, és a dir, contra la part de la societat espanyola que és vista com a enemiga de la pàtria i de Déu. La presentació de la llei d'educació i del reconeixement de drets als homosexuals com atacs a la llibertat religiosa i a l'ordre natural ha comptat amb el suport entusiasta de l'Església catòlica espanyola, en la qual els bisbes, eterns absents de les manifestacions contra guerres i injustícies socials, van sortir al carrer per escenificar un discurs apocalíptic. A això s'hi ha unit l'acusació que el Govern pretenia comprar la pau a ETA a canvi de la desintegració d'Espanya, el primer pas del qual seria la reforma de l'Estatut d'Autonomia de Catalunya.

AQUEST
ÉSel discurs: Espanya està en perill, l'Església és atacada, la família tradicional des- apareixerà, el Govern s'entén amb els terroristes i traeix la pàtria i els morts. Un discurs que adapta al present el vell discurs de la dictadura franquista. No és casual que l'expresident José María Aznar digués que qualsevol vot que no anés a parar al PP serviria per recolzar ETA o que el Govern ens portava a una situació de divisió com la que va donar peu a la guerra civil. No són excessos retòrics sinó que responen a una idea clau: que solament el PP representa la verdadera Espanya. Per sostenir-la, el PP ha hagut de generar una aparent divisió del país en dos: el dels que l'estimen i el dels que el traeixen. La referència d'Aznar en aquest context ideològic al que va succeir fa 70 anys no pot ser més inquietant, perquè llavors "la verdadera Espanya" es va alçar en armes contra el Govern legal de la nació, provocant una catàstrofe per la qual ningú ha passat mai comptes. I aquí hi ha la clau del problema polític espanyol d'avui: els hereus del franquisme, encarnats en aquest PP resultat de la fagocitació del centrisme d'UCD per l'extrema dreta d'Aliança Popular, es neguen a acceptar la legitimitat d'un Govern que pretengui una societat espanyola més laica, que trenqui els últims lligams amb el passat de la dictadura, que s'atreveixi a "remoure ossos".

L'ÚNIC CONSOL
davant d'aquest panorama és que la Història, quan es repeteix, acostuma a fer-ho com a farsa i, a l'Espanya actual del desenvolupament econòmic i l'expansió de les llibertats, l'actitud del PP resulta ridícula. No obstant, continua obtenint vots i no s'ha de prendre a broma perquè estem assistint, en realitat, a una lluita política que té molt de combat pedagògic, i que faria bé el govern del PSOE de comprendre que si és en l'ensenyament privat catòlic on hi ha el viver del neofranquisme, només una aposta decidida pel laïcisme pot aconseguir a mitjà termini minar la base social que sosté polítiques tan perilloses per a la convivència democràtica com la que practica l'actual direcció del PP.

lunes, 11 de junio de 2007

Els reptes de l'agricultura, avui

Els reptes de l'agricultura, avui


  1. Hem de sortir del discurs de mirada curta i queixa sistemàtica que no afavoreix les bones solucions

JOAQUIM Llena
CONSELLER D'AGRICULTURA
Parlar del món agroalimentari no sempre resulta senzill. Tot sovint, les referències que arriben fins a la ciutadania sobre aquest sector són que es tracta d'un col.lectiu que sempre es queixa. En canvi, aquesta visió és molt distant d'aquella que es pot veure quan et pares a analitzar la realitat. En realitat, la imatge d'un pagès apartat de la modernitat ja ha quedat enrere. La innovació i les noves tecnologies han entrat al sector agrari des de fa un grapat de dies i actualment, tot i que encara queda molt per fer, comptem amb nombroses explotacions, cooperatives i indústries amb capacitat de fer front al repte de la competitivitat.
En el darrer període, la productivitat del sector agrari ha millorat més que en qualsevol altre sector; el despoblament rural fa temps que s'ha aturat; els actius agrícoles fa més de deu anys que no tan sols no disminueixen sinó que fins i tot registren una lleugera tendència positiva; els entorns rurals estan incrementant els seus nivells de renda més que no pas els entorns urbans; la diversificació de l'activitat rural ja és un fet i és una font d'oportunitats; actualment l'alimentació és un sector emergent en el nostre comerç internacional. En termes qualitatius, ha disminuït de manera prou significativa l'ús de plaguicides i fertilitzants en el context d'un clar progrés vers una activitat sostenible, la producció de qualitat ha tingut un impuls notable i Catalunya està molt ben situada entre totes aquelles regions que estan desenvolupant la producció integrada i l'agricultura ecològica.

PARLAR DE fets positius no és parlar del 5% de la nostra agricultura, tal com recentment se m'ha replicat, sinó que és parlar de quelcom que no es pot recollir en un percentatge, és parlar de camins de millora, d'esforços reeixits que han estat realitzats entre tots, és sortir del pessimisme crònic i estèril i, és, en resum, parlar de confiança i d'esperança en el futur. Això no vol pas dir menystenir el rigor d'algunes problemàtiques. No podem passar per alt que aquest procés de transformació del sector s'ha fet amb costos molt importants. Així, per exemple, encara que la superfície agrícola s'ha sostingut i la producció s'ha incrementat, en 10 anys, en canvi, ha disminuït gairebé un 20% el nombre d'explotacions agrà- ries dins el marc d'un procés sostingut de reestructuració i de redimensionament de l'empresa agrària darrere el qual hi ha, sense cap mena de dubte, un cost social que s'ha de tenir molt en compte.
Parlar en positiu no vol pas dir oblidar, ans al contrari, els fets crítics que la realitat imposa. El procés de globalització, amb la conseqüent liberalització dels mercats, la reducció dels ajuts a l'agricultura, l'ampliació de la Unió Europea, les noves relacions entre els entorns rurals i urbà són factors determinants d'un nou escenari amb noves i preocupants amenaces, però també són font de noves oportunitats. I no només això: hem arribat al segle XXI i dins el farcell de reptes ineludibles hi apareixen amb la força de la urgència el canvi climàtic i el futur però relativament proper esgotament dels combustibles fòssils. L'energia i l'aigua sota el signe de l'escassetat, i de retruc l'alimentació, esdevenen els vectors de tensió que expressen un dels canvis més importants als quals s'enfronta avui la humanitat.
No ens referim ni a fets aliens a nosaltres ni tampoc a fets tan allunyats en el temps que es puguin descartar de la nostra actuació. Estem parlant de la realitat que ja ens afecta i, en aquest cas, el sector agroalimentari se situa en el punt de màxima fricció i esdevé frontissa vers les vies de solució.
Actualment ja s'estan expressant els primers símptomes de desajustos en els mercats alimentaris, la producció d'agrocarburants és a curt i a mig termini un factor desestabilitzador dels equilibris d'oferta i demanda alimentària. Des d'un punt de vista estratègic, podem estar parlant d'una revalorització dels actius agrícoles i de noves oportunitat productives, però els ajustos necessaris fins a retrobar nous equilibris poden generar tensions importants que requeriran una atenció i una actuació rigorosa.
Per fer front a aquests reptes decisius, dins el context d'un món sostenible, comptem com a eines principals amb la tecnologia i la capacitat empresarial. Ens és necessari avançar en la tecnologia del segle XXI: revolució biotecnològica, biosensors, agricultura de precisió, tecnologia avançada de reg, tecnologia del reciclatge, tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació, etcètera. Ens fa falta reforçar la nostra capacitat empresarial entesa com l'articulació efectiva de recursos forçosament escassos organitzats amb la dimensió adequada i de la forma més eficient per aconseguir bons resultats en un nou marc ple d'oportunitats, en el context d'un entorn global que avui no podem de cap manera obviar.
És imprescindible sumar totes les energies --des de les explotacions agràries, les cooperatives, la industria, la distribució, fins a arribar al consumidor--, en una actuació coordinada per abordar el procés de la forma més positiva i eficaç possible. Queda molta feina per fer i no podem demorar-la. D'altra manera, des de la finestra del temps veurem passar les oportunitats perdudes, que nous actors, des de posicions empresarials consolidades, hauran pogut aprofitar.
Tanmateix, per reeixir en els reptes als quals ens enfrontem haurem de tenir en compte tot un seguit d'evi- dències. En primer lloc, ens haurem d'adonar que estan passant moltes coses, que està canviant ràpidament l'escenari i que no podem defugir en cap cas la nostra actuació a favor d'aquest canvi, ja que d'altra manera el sentit de la història simplement prescindirà de nosaltres. En segon lloc, ens haurem d'adonar que no podem passar per alt el fet que vivim en un mon global, i que hem de defensar i potenciar la nostra producció local de qualitat però amb la mirada posada vers un mercat obert. En tercer lloc, també ens haurem d'adonar que se'ns obren noves oportunitats.

CERTAMENT, el sector agroalimentari es troba proper a les solucions en els importants reptes als quals s'enfronta tota la humanitat al segle XXI; a la funció alimentària amb un vessant cada cop més vinculat a la salut i a la qualitat de vida, a les reforçades i cada cop més evidents funcions territorials, culturals, ecològiques i paisatgístiques, se li afegeixen noves funcions a l'àmbit de l'energia, de la reparació mediambiental, del reciclatge i de fixació de CO2. En quart lloc, significa entendre que l'Administració i el sector hem de parlar en primera persona del plural, ens hem d'adonar d'on tenim els aliats necessaris per fer front a les noves exigències.
En altres paraules, hem de sortir del discurs repetitiu de mirada curta i queixa sistemàtica que no afavoreix el camí de les solucions. Alguna organització professional agrària s'ha instal.lat en un escenari simplista, inexistent i al mateix temps impossible en què totes les dificultats provenen de la mala gestió de l'Administració (¡que fàcil!), traslladant tota l'actuació a reclamar més i més recursos de renda com si aquests recursos poguessin ser il.limitats. A vegades, fins i tot, s'acompanya de l'opacitat en el diàleg, de l'insult gratuït, acrític i injust. És un error. Ni els recursos son il.limitats, ni la millor inversió avui és abocar-los en un sac sense fons d'ajuts a la renda. D'altra banda, el respecte a les persones és una exigència per a tots, condició prèvia per a un diàleg necessari, que significa també compromís, des del qual trobar les millors alternatives d'entre les possibles.

ESTEM A les portes de molts canvis en l'entorn que ens afecta i per abordar-los ens caldrà també reorientar moltes coses. És necessari treballar en confiança però amb esperit atent i crític, ja que, per descomptat, al iniciar nous camins cometrem molts errors que caldrà corregir al més ràpidament possible. En qualsevol cas, la força que ens portarà a l'èxit provindrà de la nostra capacitat de diàleg i treball en comú. La força actual del sector agroalimentari català, sector estratègic i decisiu pel desenvolupament del nostre país, prové en bona part de la feina ben feta de les organitzacions de productors i de les cooperatives agràries. Hem estat capaços d'arribar fins aquí, ara ens cal continuar per guanyar el futur. La crida és oberta a tots.

viernes, 8 de junio de 2007

Website optimization and Web links

Website optimization and Web links

There is no magic formula for fixing your SEO problems. But most optimization problems arise from two widespread human characteristics: laziness and tunnel vision.

Lax Web site optimization costs most Web sites (and that includes most so-called SEO’d Web sites) a lot of value in the search engines.

Tunnel vision causes many so-called SEOs to ignore the fundamental principles of search engine optimization and jump right into link building.

Link building is the last thing you do before you start evaluating and adjusting.

The first thing you need to do is understand the functional design of your Web site. Most SEOs don’t look at Web sites the way I do. I want to know why a page is included on a site. What is its purpose? If a page is just there to draw traffic, then it needs to provide some real value to the visitors. Your opinion of what provides value may differ from the search engine’s opinion. Differences of opinion happen.

Most SEOs understand the value of embedding links consistently across a site: either use all relative links or use all absolute links but don’t mix them up.

Most SEOs understand the value of including an HTML sitemap for sites with more than 10 pages: your navigation may confuse visitors who often just want to get where they are going without admiring all your gizmos. But HTML sitemaps also act as crawl pages for search engines (and they should be designed with that function in mind).

Most SEOs also see the value of inserting keywords into title tags, image ALT= text, and on-page copy.

But I still see a lot of SEOs fumbling around with useless internal link anchor text. Just today I came across a thread in a popular forum where someone asked if it would be okay to use “home” as ALT= text for an image that was anchoring a link back to a root URL. Some well-meaning SEO said that would be okay.

Um, NO, that won’t be okay. Why on Earth would you want to optimize your root URL for the word “home”? Is your site relevant to the word “home”? Even a “home builder” site should optimize for “home builder”. Do you really think you can grab a top 10 slot for ‘home’ on Google? How about Yahoo!? Think you can rank for ‘home’ there?

Thanks to a great deal of nonsense that is posted at various SEO forums and blogs, as well as shared at SEO conferences, nearly everyone now believes you have to dedicate vast resources to obtaining links. The whole Google Supplemental Pages issue, for example, has now been boiled down to the holey mantra of “get more quality links” (can you really define a quality link?).

I do tell people to get more value-passing links to offset their Supplemental Page problems, but where do you get value-passing links? How about right on your own Web site? I have found that every new site I create this year has a high chance of getting into Google’s main Web index without any inbound links. While I could whine and cry about all the pages that end up Supplemental for one site or another, Google is being pretty fair about letting new content show up in the main Web index before passing judgement on it.

This is so not 2004 that people need to stop and reassess what they are in a panic about. The most vocal group of Web site operators whom I have seen complaining about Supplemental Pages are people with existing sites. They have been depending for years on cheap, cheesy links despite a LOT of warnings from some major names in the search engine optimization community and Google has finally implemented a filter that has indeed hurt many innocent sites.

The sites are innocent in that they don’t intentionally mislead their visitors about anything. They are innocent in that they resort to massive content spamming in order to obtain artificial visibility. But they bought into the nonsene about “get more links! get more links!” and the links they got weren’t very trustworthy in Google’s opinion.

You can still see people asking if it’s a good idea to use rel=’nofollow’ on internal links. Why? Why would you want to shoot yourself in the foot like that? I’ve seen people propose this kind of naive link strategy for very useful, very important and valuable pages, like their “About Us” pages, their HTML sitemaps, and their product category pages. Just because a page doesn’t have an order form on it doesn’t mean it’s less important than your shopping cart.

Here’s a clue: your order forms and shopping carts are among the least valuable content on your sites. Nobody cares about them until they’ve made the decision to buy. And you know what? They’ll never make that decision to buy from you if they can’t find you, if they can’t learn more about you, and if they have no idea of how much you can be trusted.

It’s not all about ecommerce. It’s all about being part of a community. Your ecommerce site has to give value in order to receive value and if you don’t give value to your own pages you’re not likely in anyone’s eyes to give value to anyone else.

Internal navigation controls what the visitor sees. Make sure your visitors see as much of your site as possible.

Internal navigation is usually the first point of definition, the first attempt to explain to a visitor what a page contains. Make sure your navigation is informative and helpful.

Internal navigation is one of the determining factors that makes or breaks a Web site visit’s duration. Make sure your navigation doesn’t send people for the BACK or CLOSE button.

Internal navigation is the first indication of what can be trusted. If someone feels comfortable enough on your site to click on one of your navigation links, you’ve earned their trust. Reward that trust by taking people to where they need to go as fast as possible. There are business owners who adamantly refuse to change their bad page designs. If you’re optimizing for someone like that, the best thing you can do is cut the dead wood out of the visitors’ path: bring the visitors to the right page in the first place.

Which brings me to another aspect of “internal linkage”. You can (and should) extend internal linkage off site. People focus so much on getting keywords into external anchor text they don’t think about calls to action. You can download Internet Explorer here without going through Microsoft’s main page. That’s all the link anchor text Microsoft needs from me to help them get someone to download their browser.

External links have far more value than just the anchor text (or PageRank) they may pass. I’ll take a call-to-action link any day of the week. Give me more calls-to-action. You don’t have to link to me with competitive keywords. If you link to my site at all you’re probably telling people what you like about my site. You’re doing my SEO for me. By earning your trust and your reference to my call-to-action, I’m multiplying my efforts through others (through you). That’s marketing.

PageRank is all the rage because most SEOs don’t understand it. If you’re looking at a number between 0 and 10, you’re not looking at PageRank. You cannot see the PageRank that determines whether your pages are included in the main Web index or the Supplemental Results index. Every time you talk about “PR this” or “PR that” you pull the wool down over your eyes.

The Toolbar PageRank offers absolutely no insight into the value of a page, the value of the links it has obtained, or the value of the links it passes. The Toolbar PR value is a beauty assessor, it’s a sexiness assessor. Do you rate most guys or girls as no better than a 5 or 6? Guess what Google rates most Web sites no better than.

Your internal links cannot leak PageRank. It is mathematically impossible to leak PageRank because you do not get to “keep” your PageRank. Once Google has figured out how much PageRank your pages have it moves on and that PageRank is passed on to other pages, one way or another.

Matt Cutts did indeed speak about flowing PageRank through a Web site. That is exactly how you should think about it. Your Web site is a box of clay and PageRank passes through that clay, cutting some channels here and there. It doesn’t stay. It just passes through. You can mold and shape the clay to direct the PageRank in certain ways but eventually the PageRank moves on and your clay stays behind.

You need to stop thinking in terms of PageRank. You need to stop thinking in terms of quality. You need to think of your site as if it’s the clothes in your closet. Which clothes do you want to wear when you have very important guests visiting your home? Are you going to put on your ratty old jeans or are you going to wear your best dress, you best suit and tie?

Putting your best, most important, most informative pages first shows people what you care about. Whichever pages share your passion the most are the pages most likely to capture whatever actions you are seeking. Even a huge site like Amazon or JC Penney or Wal-Mart emphasizes some content — these huge corporate ecommerce sites use passion. Their enthusiastic referrals to sales, special discounts, new products, and more help you decide to look at whatever they want you to see.

Given 100 pages of content, you should be able to determine which 10 pages are the most important. Given 10 pages of content, you should be able to decide which 2 pages are most important. There’s your hierarchy. That’s what drives your internal link design.

Can you get a 60,000 page out of the Supplemental Index? How much passion do you have? How much are you willing to share with your visitors? How informative will your 60,000 pages be?



Why your on-site optimization sucks

Why your on-site optimization sucks

One of the most often made claims in SEO forums is that someone’s site has been “well designed”, “optimized”, “made search engine friendly”, etc. These claims usually come from people who are asking for helping.

There is a total disconnect between your belief that you have optimized your site for search and your need to understand why you cannot rank. That is not to say that optimization will guarantee rankings. Nothing guarantees rankings.

Your best shot at getting good rankings begins with keyword research. The average, mediocre, “can get the job done” SEO knows the value of keyword research. If you don’t figure out what people are searching for, you’re not optimizing for search, you’re spinning your wheels.

Advanced keyword research takes you down paths that look at the value of query traffic, the competitiveness of queries, and the opportunities for growth in query traffic. Most SEOs never consider the third aspect of advanced keyword research without being specifically asked to.

Assuming you have actually chosen good keywords, however, you can still get in over your head. For a lot of small business operators, the keyword research is usually pretty easy. Once they browse a few SEO forums and blogs and learn about keyword research they get their hands on a tool that shows them what people are looking for. They often make decent selections based on their own knowledge of their industries.

But where the average Web site operator falls down quickly is in understanding basic Web page optimization. On-site optimization occurs at three levels: the indicators you use in your copy, the indicators you use in your design, and the indicators you use in your organization.

An experienced SEO is going to look at a page with an eye toward balancing each of these levels between the need to feed the search engines content and the need to enhance the user experience. The sooner you get the user to committing to the desired action, the happier everyone should be. You want that final click to be sure and satisfactory.

Your copy needs to:

  1. Tell people what your page is about
  2. Show people why they want to do what you want them to do
  3. Show people HOW to do what you want them to do
  4. Satisfy people’s needs to know more

If you do anything else with your copy, you’re probably hurting your user experience.

But those four points give you at least four ways of inserting your keywords into your copy. You want the users to understand and feel that your copy is relevant to their search. They are either looking for information, entertainment, or something to buy/do. They may not buy from you but if you’re selling what they want be as helpful as possible so that, if they don’t like whomever they do buy from they’ll remember your helpfulness. They may give you a chance on the second round.

Search engines want to present their users with the most relevant AND valuable resources. As many people have pointed out through the years, search engines (especially Google) often make the poorest choices possible. But it’s not always the search engines’ fault.

Webmasters don’t think in terms of “How do I show I am relevant?”. They tend to think in terms of “How can I impress my visitors?”. Your mission is not to impress people. Your mission is to inform people. Always. Without exception.

A photographer who shows his portfolio on the Web needs to inform potential clients on how well he does his job.

An ecommerce site needs to inform potential customers on what products are available, what their costs are, how those products will help the buyer, what those products’ benefist are, how to buy the products, and many other things. If your pages don’t inform the buyer about something, you’re wasting pages.

A non-profit organization needs to inform potential sponsors and beneficiaries of what the organization does, who benefits from its work, and how people can help.

Information is key in on-site optimization. If you put a word on a page in any context, make sure it informs the visitor of something relevant. By providing information you build relevance to your topic. Most Web sites that fail to maintain successful rankings, or which never achieve successful rankings, provide too little information.

Empashis is also important. Some people are easily suckered in by faux testimonials, repetitive sales hype that uses big splashy fonts, and colored “important point” boxes. Many people are more likely to leave a page quickly if they don’t know what the page is trying to do. Usability advocates strongly suggest that you break up a page’s content into sections with clear headers. Those headers can help you emphasize important keywords.

But usability also calls for making your copy scanable. Use of bold and italics to emphasize important information also makes your copy scannable. One technique I have used in devising scannable copy is to look at just the emphasized text. Even if the reader has to fill in a few blanks, can the average reader get the point just by reading the emphasized copy?

If your emphasized copy is too cryptic, it’s not going to scan well. It isn’t optimized.

And page organization is enhanced by site organization. If you have 50 pages of content, you can divide those pages into groups and sub-groups, where each group member points back to a group hub page that organizes the sub-content. Page group optimization can be implemented in several ways. You can used folders (sub-directories) or sub-domains to group your pages. You can use similar (meaningful) keywords in the page URLs. You can include common words in page titles. You can have all the pages link back to their hub, where the hub links back to them. You can interlink the pages in the group so they all lead to each other.

You can also use a standard block of text (or even 2 or more standard blocks of text) that help readers understand that your page is part of a special group.

And you can cross-promote your groups through links between hub pages, internal advertising links and displays, and more. Your cross-promotion should inform visitors about what else your site offers them. Your cross-promotion should make it easy for visitors to find related topics.

You want every link to be crawlable, every page to be indexable. If in your heart you are thinking, “I need to keep the search engines from finding this page”, you are probably succumbing to some SEO myth — usually about hoarding PageRank (you cannot hoard PageRank). Yes, there are truly some pages search engines don’t need to see. Just exclude them in robots.txt. Don’t get funky with your links.

Finally, a well-optimized page is not carved in stone. If you didn’t do it right the first time, you should be able and willing to make changes. After all, that is the SEO method: Experiment, evaluate, adjust.


Más cosas a tener en cuenta

Kitchen Artworks.Com - An SEO Case Study For ‘Kitchen Design’

Kitchen Artworks.Com - An SEO Case Study For ‘Kitchen Design’

Disclaimer: Kitchen Artworks is not a client and I am not proposing that they should become a client. Nor am I endorsing their service and products in any way. I have not asked for permission to reveiw the site or discuss it. This is a completely unsolicited review. The SEO suggestions I make are not comprehensive but they are intended only for the site being reviewed. Implementing similar changes on your own sites may or may not help or hurt your rankings (although I generally strive to share only good, fundamental advice).

Peggy Deras asked for help on the LED Digest. She has received numerous on-list replies and I suspect that several other people have probably responded but for one reason or another their replies have not been posted.

Peggy’s situation is unusual in that she complains scraper sites have moved into the search results she wants to perform in. When I and other list members looked at her query, we saw no evidence of “scraper” and “placeholder” sites. Why? One possibility is that Peggy saw mid-update surge and panicked.

People often overreact during search engine updates, concluding they have been penalized or surpassed by less optimized Web sites as the search engines churn their data through a fairly brief period. By the time interested third parties saw Peggy’s post on the Digest and went to look at the results, things could have settled down.

It’s also possible someone from a search engine saw Peggy’s message, realized some spam had slipped through, and took some action. I don’t know and won’t pretend to know why we’re not seeing what she is seeing (I can think of several other possible explanations but they’re a bit too esoteric for this post).

Peggy feels she has “done everything right” and that she has “great and original content”. I have looked at her Web site and I disagree with her. She is not a trained search optimizer so I don’t expect her to know the fundamentals of search engine optimization.

Two list members (Ron Coble and Lorelle Smith) offered some good advice to Peggy in the next digest. In the third digest to address this topic, Donald Nelson and James Miller offered some good advice, too. Michael Linehan got a little philosophical.

In the most recent Digest, a well-known reciprocal linking service manager used the topic to once again bash search engine optimization and tell the world that his service is the One True Solution for any Web site that cannot rank through SEO.

I have on occasion agreed with the gentleman on some of his criticisms of the SEO industry. Theer are no professional standards and no real baseline for quality service. But he has generally displayed a great deal of ignorance about what constitutes search engine optimization through the years and he is hardly a credible source of information on the topic. After all, his goal is to promote the credibility of reciprocal link management and to build his reciprocal link management business.

Everything may be rosy in the reciprocal linking world today as far as the guys who sells the picks and shovels to the miners are concerned, but the truth is in the search engine results. A lot of people who have been buying links, using reciprocal link management services, and otherwise relying on traditional link-based “optimization” are being slaughtered. Not this particular service’s clients, of course — never once have I seen anyone claim to be his client or share their experience, so I must assume that he is at least being truthful in his claims that his services help everyone who comes to him.

But let’s get back to Peggy’s situation. Has she done all she can do? No. For example, her internal link navigation uses the word “home” to lead you back to the home page. While most Web sites actually do use “home” in that way, it’s a waste of internal link anchor text. She can be linking back to the root URL with more descriptive, informative words — like “kitchen design”, “kitchen designer”, or “kitchen artworks”.

As has been pointed out by other LED Digest members, Peggy barely uses those expressions on her site. She has very little copy on it. She seems to feel that the visual presentation is most important, and in one respect she is right. The visual presentation is more compelling to a visitor looking for kitchen design services and resources than a page like — well, a page like the one you’re reading. I don’t publish many pictures in my blogging.

On the other hand, search engines need text and text is what you create copy from. But more importantly search engines are looking for relevance and you assert relevance through the emphasis you place on the words in your copy.

If “kitchen designer” is important to your copy, you should be bolding it for your readers so they can see quickly that your copy is talking about the kitchen design services and resources you offer.

If your topic is complex, you should use section headers (H2, H3, etc.) to show people where the transition points are. Search engines do look at these types of markup to ascertain what is most important in the page’s contents.

Your title tag should agree with at least some copy on the page, preferably bolded or italicized copy, even more preferably (in my opinion) with an H1 header or an equivalent construction (using FONT and BOLD).

Now, one of the things Peggy has done that I like is she offers on-site tip pages. Unfortunately, she doesn’t use her desired keywords in either the titles or the internal link anchors pointing to those tip pages. These are lost opportunities. The search engines will treat link anchor text as if it’s normal text on a page. Outbound link anchor text has always helped in that regard, although most SEOs have never really understood that (at least, I’ve rarely seen anyone mention the opportunity to that outbound link anchor text provides a page for building relevance).

The About Us page could be retitled to “About Kitchen Artworks - Kitchen Designer Services and Resources”. The page could also be rewritten. One of the most challenging tasks for an SEO is persuading a client to accept a little repetition in copy. For example, Peggy uses “kitchen, bath, interior, and cabinetry design”. If you’re writing an essay for English 101 this is what you want to do, but search engines like repetition. It’s better to say “kitchen design, bath design, interior design, and cabinetry design”. That tells the search engines that you’re actually relevant to those expressions. Search engines don’t expand text intuitively the way people who have been taught to write for English 101 have been.

The portfolio page is really hurting. None of the images seem to have ALT= text. Worse, the links underneath the images lead to larger versions of those images with descriptive anchor text that doesn’t help the SEO campaign. The larger images could have been embedded in HTML pages with wrapper text that emphasizes the keywords (you don’t need much wrapper text).

From a presentation point of view, I would get rid of the Google ads. Any site that purports to offer professional services but also carries advertising looks to me like the site operator is not serious about their business. If you’re doing so well as a kitchen designer, why do you need ads? They make your pages look spammy to people (although search engines usually don’t care).

Think about the user experience. For example, those large images will show up in browser-constructed pages (the browsers ALWAYS use a “page” even though you cannot “view source”). The images will be crawled for image search but you can still get them crawled for image search AND construct additional content that informs the visitor and doesn’t force them to use the BACK button to navigate through your site.

Our gentleman reciprocal link service operator attempted to look at Peggy’s backlink profile. He used some third-party tool that doesn’t tell you anything useful. I can see over 1,000 off-site references to Peggy’s domain in Google alone (he found about 300 domains). Most of those references, however, are on Supplemental Pages.

Supplemental Pages don’t pass value (in the form of PageRank and link anchor text). Now, a link on a Supplemental Page can still help your site if the link is on a well-visited page. People may click on that link. Also, just because a page is Supplemental in Google doesn’t mean its links cannot help you in Ask, Yahoo!, and Live (or other search engines). Search engine optimization and Web site marketing are not all about Google.

But as far as Google is concerned Peggy has very few helpful links. However she got those links, she does have a lot of visibility. Interestingly, Peggy only seems to have 180 URL references on Yahoo! although Yahoo! Site Explorer reports 737 inbound links from other sites. URL reference queries are not reliable indicators of how many inbound links a site has — but then, Yahoo! is less reliable for doing backlink research on Google than a URL reference query.

Peggy could verify her site with Google Webmaster Central to see how many backlinks Google will tell her she has (the list will still be incomplete) but unfortunately Google doesn’t reveal which links actually pass value.

Linking really is not Peggy’s problem. She has very little indexable content and that content is not very relevant to the expression “kitchen designer”. In fact, this article is more relevant today because I have used kitchen designer and emphasized kitchen designer in more than one way.

Should this page outrank Peggy’s site? Well, I wouldn’t expect it to for reasons I haven’t discussed, but you never know. Web pages can rank for the darnedest things.

After all, there are four factors that affect search engine rankings:

  1. What you do with your pages
  2. What other people do with their pages
  3. What the search engines do with their data
  4. What people search for

I have no control over what other people do with their pages or what the search engines do.

However, I can tell people to search for “Kitchen Artworks” and they’ll find Peggy’s site. Peggy could actually use advertising to tell people to search for Kitchen Artworks if they want to find out more about Kitchen Design or learn more about her services as a Kitchen Designer. That is part of search engine optimization and it is also part of Web site marketing. If you cannot rank 1st for “pizza”, tell people to search for “Michael’s Pizza Web site” and as long as you rank 1st for that term you’re doing okay.

Peggy’s site also comes up first if you search for “Peggy Deras”. She has brand value in the search engines that can be useful in a general marketing campaign (and I have no idea of how much she uses her brand value, so please don’t assume that she is not doing anything with her brands).

A little keyword research would help Peggy understand the dynamics of her vertical (it would also help her would-be saviors in doling out advice). For example, I see more opportunities based on “kitchen design” than I do for “kitchen designer”. Peggy could optimize for many more expressions related to “kitchen design” than for those related to “kitchen designer”. “Kitchen design” is more competitive, but it might actually be easier for Peggy to optimize for “kitchen design” than “kitchen designer” through the use of natural language simply because you can say more about “kitchen design” than about a “kitchen designer” or “kitchen designer services”.

This is by no means a full SEO analysis. I’m not about to give away the service for free. It’s just an unsolicited Web site review that I hope illustrates some of the points I have been trying to make over the past few months.

There are no sure-fire solutons. No one can honestly guarantee results, certainly not anyone who relies solely on links. If someone tells you that “content is king” is a myth, they don’t understand search engine technology. Without content you have nothing. You need links to be found, crawled, and indexed. You need content to have something worth linking to.

You can dominate search results through links, through content, or through a combination of both. Where do you think you’ll get the most leverage? You fail the class if you don’t pick “a combination of both (links and content)”.

Good luck, Peggy. And good luck to all of us.



Un tema a estudiar en profundidad para los que queremos optimizar paginas propias o de otros. A trabajar en http://bitacora.kcslot.com ahora



viernes, 11 de mayo de 2007

Nuevo interfaz en Google analytics


Google analytics presenta un montón de cambios, y los más importatnes no son a nivel del interfaz gráfico sino funciones como el envio por correo de informes de manera programada, las comparaciones entre periodos.

Ya estoy programandome los informes más interesantes para recibirlos por correo.